Policies that hinder equality
Some policies of equality and support for dual-earner couples may, paradoxically, actively contribute to maintaining inequality in the division of domestic and family tasks. Exclusive care leave for mothers is one example, according to the authors, as it dictates who should care and who should work.
However, they also point out that unpaid parental leave, even if neutral and allowing free use by either parent, runs the risk of hindering equality, as cultural inertia and the past eventually prevails.
The neutrality of politics will be undermined by culture. These two examples, maternity leave much more generous than paternity leave (as happens in Eastern European countries), or unpaid parental leave (as happens in Spain after the 16th week)[1], are positive in one sense, since they facilitate and can improve the quality of life of the mothers who take advantage of them, but at the same time they may not be sufficient to reduce inequalities in the division of labour, since in some way they favour the replication of the past.
Policies that allow for equality but do not promote it
The case of care policies, and more specifically parental leave, would comprise all highly paid parental leave (e.g., parental leave covering at least 80% of the salary). which by their very nature:
- (a) enable women to develop in the labour market and to have children.
- b) allow men, if families decide so, to also participate in care activities, by making use of said leave.
This type of equality policies is not offered to individuals, but to families; therefore, they become parental leave, not paternity or maternity leave. In a certain way, they’re understood and articulated as a right of the child, and not as a right of the worker or the parent. Such policies allow for egalitarian strategies at home, but without putting pressure on who should do what. As Brighouse and Olin Wright point out, the best European policies are of this nature.
Policies that promote equality.
These are policies that attempt to create incentives in order to put some pressure on families to move towards a more equal gender distribution of care within the family.
“Policies that promote equality seek to create incentives for families in order to move towards a more equal gender distribution of care within the family”.
There are moderate and radical versions. The paternity leave proposal, known as the “daddy quota” where the leave is exclusive and non-transferable for the father is a moderate version of these policies that promote equality. This proposal, which emerged a few decades ago in the Nordic countries and has recently landed in the Mediterranean culture, has an incentive character by causing that, if the father does not use the paid weeks, nobody will do (take-it or lose-it).